A Review on the Conventional Capacitors, Supercapacitors, and Emerging Hybrid Ion Capacitors: Past, Present, and Future

Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices with high-power density such as capacitors, supercapacitors, and hybrid ion capacitors arouse intensive research passion. Recently, there are many review articles reporting the materials structural design of electrode electrolyte for supercapacitors (HCs), though these reviews always focus on individual or single HCs. Herein, conventional capacitor, supercapacitor, capacitor incorporated, detailed description is very fundamental necessary better understanding development which often ignored. Therefore, herein, fundamentals recent advances emerging comprehensively systematically summarized in terms history, mechanisms, materials, existing challenges, perspectives. At same time, it believed that a comprehensive capacitor-related EES provided has great guiding role future development.